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{{Taxobox| color = pink| name = Pigeons and Doves| image = Rock dove - natures pics.jpg| image_width = 250px| image_caption = Feral Rock Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in flight| regnum = Animalia]| classis = bird| ordo = Columbiformes

Pigeons and doves constitute the family (biology) Columbidae within the order (biology) Columbiformes, which include some 300 species of near passerine Avess. In general parlance the terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. In ornithological practice, there is a tendency for "dove" to be used for smaller species and "pigeon" for larger ones, but this is in no way consistently applied, and historically the common names for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the term "dove" and "pigeon." This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones. The young doves and pigeons are called "squabs."

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. The species commonly referred to just as the "pigeon" is the feral Rock Pigeon, common in many cities.

Their usually flimsy nests are made of sticks, and the two white Egg (biology)s are incubated by both sexes. Doves feed on seeds, fruit and plants. Unlike most other birds (but see flamingo), the doves and pigeons produce "crop milk," which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the Crop (anatomy). Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young.

Systematics and evolution This family is a highly coherent group with no members showing obvious links with other bird families, or vice versa. The dodo and solitaires are clearly related, as discussed below, but equally lacking in obvious links with other bird families. The limited fossil record also consists only of unequivocal Columbidae species. Links to the sandgrouse and parrots have been suggested, but resemblances to the first group are due to convergent evolution and the second depend on the parrot-like features of the Tooth-billed Pigeon. However, the distinctive features of that bird seem to have arisen from its specialized diet rather than a real relationship to the parrots.

The family is usually divided into five subfamilies, but this is probably inaccurate. For example, the American ground and quail doves which are usually placed in the Columbinae seem to be two distinct subfamiliesBasically, the conventional treatment had 2 large subfamilies, one for the fruit-doves, imperial pigeons and fruit-pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, there were 3 monotypic subfamilies, one each for the genera Goura, Otidiphaps and Didunculus. The old subfamily Columbinae consists of 5 distinct lineages, whereas the other 4 groups are more or less accurate representations of the evolutionary relationships..The order presented here follows Baptista et al. (1997) with some updates (Johnson & Clayton 2000, Johnson et al. 2001, Shapiro et al. 2002).

Note that the arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional because analyzes of different DNA sequences yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera. This ambiguity, probably caused by Long branch attraction, seems to confirm that the first pigeons evolved in the Australasian region, and that the "Treronidae" and allied forms (crowned and pheasant pigeons, for example) represent the earliest radiation of the group.

As the Dodo and Rodrigues Solitaire are in all likelihood part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the 3 small subfamilies mentioned above with the fruit-doves and -pigeons (including the Nicobar Pigeon), they are here included as a subfamily Raphinae, pending better material evidence of their exact relationships.

Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the fossil record. No truly primitive forms have been found to date. The genus Gerandia which most likely belongs to the Columbinae has been described from Early Miocene deposits of France. Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the considerable number of more recently extinct prehistoric species, see the respective genus accounts.

A list of all the species, sortable by common and scientific name, is at list of Columbidae species

Subfamily Columbinae - typical pigeons & doves , Macropygia phasianella.Genus Columba (genus) including Aplopelia - Old World pigeons (33-34 living species, 2-3 recently extinct)

Genus Streptopelia including Stigmatopelia and Nesoenas - turtledoves (14-18 living species)

Genus Patagioenas - American pigeons; formerly included in Columba (17 species)

Genus Macropygia

Barred Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia unchall
Slender-billed Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia amboinensis
Brown Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella
Dusky Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia magna
Andaman Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia rufipennis
Philippine Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia tenuirostris
Ruddy Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia emiliana
Black-billed Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia nigrirostris
Mackinlay's Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia mackinlayi
Little Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia ruficeps

Genus Reinwardtoena (3 species)

Genus Turacoena (2 species)

, Chalcophaps indica, native to tropical southern Asia and Australia.

Subfamily N.N. - Bronzewings and relatives Genus Turtur - African wood-doves (5 species; tentatively placed here)

Genus Oena - Namaqua Dove (tentatively placed here)

Genus Chalcophaps (2 species)

Genus Henicophaps (2 species)

Genus Phaps (3 species)

Genus Ocyphaps - Crested Pigeon

Genus Geophaps (3 species)

Genus Petrophassa - rock-pigeons (2 species)

Genus Geopelia (3-5 species)

Subfamily Leptotilinae - Zenaidine and quail-doves Genus Zenaida doves (7 species)

Genus Ectopistes - Passenger Pigeon (extinct; 1914)

(Leptotila verreauxi)Genus Leptotila

White-tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi
White-faced Dove, Leptotila megalura
Grey-fronted Dove, Leptotila rufaxilla
Grey-headed Dove, Leptotila plumbeiceps
Pallid Dove, Leptotila pallida
Brown-backed Dove, Leptotila battyi
Grenada Dove, Leptotila wellsi
Caribbean Dove, Leptotila jamaicensis
Grey-chested Dove, Leptotila cassini
Ochre-bellied Dove, Leptotila ochraceiventris
Tolima Dove, Leptotila conoveri

Genus Geotrygon - quail-doves

Purplish-backed Quail-dove, Geotrygon lawrencii
Veracruz Quail-dove, Geotrygon carrikeri
Costa Rica Quail-dove, Geotrygon costaricensis
Russet-crowned Quail-dove, Geotrygon goldmani
Sapphire Quail-dove, Geotrygon saphirina
Grey-headed Quail-dove, Geotrygon caniceps

Hispaniolan Quail-dove, Geotrygon (caniceps} leucometopius

Crested Quail-dove, Geotrygon versicolor
Rufous-breasted Quail-dove, Geotrygon chiriquensis
Olive-backed Quail-dove, Geotrygon veraguensis
White-faced Quail-dove, Geotrygon albifacies
Lined Quail-dove, Geotrygon linearis
White-throated Quail-dove, Geotrygon frenata
Key West Quail-dove, Geotrygon chrysia
Bridled Quail-dove, Geotrygon mystacea
Violaceous Quail-dove, Geotrygon violacea
Ruddy Quail-dove, Geotrygon Montana

Genus Starnoenas

Blue-headed Quail-dove, Starnoenas cyanocephala

Subfamily Columbininae - American ground doves Genus Columbina (genus)

Common Ground Dove, Columbina passerina
Plain-breasted Ground Dove, Columbina minuta
Ecuadorian Ground Dove, Columbina buckleyi
Ruddy Ground Dove, Columbina talpacoti
Picui Dove, Columbina picui
Croaking Ground Dove, Columbina cruziana
Blue-eyed Ground Dove, Columbina cyanopis

Genus Claravis (genus)

Blue Ground Dove, Claravis pretiosa
Purple-winged Ground Dove, Claravis godefrida
Maroon-chested Ground-dove, Claravis mondetoura

Genus Metriopelia

Bare-faced Ground Dove, Metriopelia ceciliae
Moreno's Ground Dove, Metriopelia morenoi
Black-winged Ground Dove, Metriopelia melanoptera
Golden-spotted Ground Dove, Metriopelia aymara

Genus Scardafella - possibly belongs into Columbina

Inca Dove, Scardafella inca
Scaled Dove, Scardafella squammata

Genus Uropelia

Long-tailed Ground Dove, Uropelia campestris...

Pigeon Gallicolumba crinigera, native to the Philippines.

Subfamily N.N. - Indopacific ground doves Genus Gallicolumba (16-17 living species, 3-4 recently extinct)

Genus Trugon

Thick-billed Ground Pigeon, Trugon terrestris

Goura victoria in Bristol Zoo.

Subfamily Otidiphabinae - Pheasant Pigeon Genus Otidiphaps - Pheasant Pigeon

Subfamily Didunculinae - Tooth-billed Pigeon Genus Didunculus

Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris
Tongan Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus placopedetes - Late Quaternary prehistoric birds

Subfamily Gourinae - crowned pigeons Genus Goura (genus)

Subfamily N.N. ("Treroninae") - green and fruit-doves and imperial pigeons Genus Ducula - imperial-pigeons

Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon, Ducula poliocephala
White-bellied Imperial Pigeon, Ducula forsteni
Mindoro Imperial Pigeon, Ducula mindorensis
Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula radiata
Grey-necked Imperial Pigeon, Ducula carola
Green Imperial Pigeon, Ducula aenea
White-eyed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula perspicillata
Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula concinna
Pacific Imperial Pigeon, Ducula pacifica
Micronesian Imperial Pigeon, Ducula oceanica
Polynesian Imperial Pigeon, Ducula aurorae
Nukuhiva Imperial Pigeon, Ducula galeata
Red-knobbed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula rubricera Ducula bicolor.
Spice Imperial Pigeon, Ducula myristicivora
Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula rufigaster
Cinnamon-bellied Imperial Pigeon, Ducula basilica
Finsch's Imperial Pigeon, Ducula finschii
Shining Imperial Pigeon, Ducula chalconota
Island Imperial Pigeon, Ducula pistrinaria
Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula rosacea
Christmas Imperial Pigeon, Ducula whartoni
Grey Imperial Pigeon, Ducula pickeringii
Peale's Imperial Pigeon, Ducula latrans
Chestnut-bellied Imperial Pigeon, Ducula brenchleyi
Vanuatu Imperial Pigeon, Ducula bakeri
New Caledonian Imperial Pigeon, Ducula goliath
Pinon's Imperial Pigeon, Ducula pinon
Bismarck Imperial Pigeon, Ducula melanochroa
Collared Imperial Pigeon, Ducula mullerii
Zoe's Imperial Pigeon, Ducula zoeae
Mountain Imperial Pigeon, Ducula badia
Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon, Ducula lacernulata
Timor Imperial Pigeon, Ducula cineracea
Pied Imperial Pigeon, Ducula bicolor
Torresian Imperial Pigeon, Ducula spilorrhoa
White Imperial Pigeon, Ducula luctuosa

Genus Lopholaimus - Topknot Pigeon (New Zealand Pigeon), Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae.

Genus Hemiphaga

Kererū Hemiphaga novaseelandiae
Parea Hemiphaga chathamensis

Genus Cryptophaps

Sombre Pigeon, Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa

Genus Gymnophaps - mountain-pigeons

Papuan Mountain-pigeon Gymnophaps albertisii
Long-tailed Mountain-pigeon Gymnophaps mada
Pale Mountain-pigeon Gymnophaps solomonensis

Genus Ptilinopus - fruit-doves (some 50 living species, 1-2 recently extinct)

Genus Natunaornis - Viti Levu Giant Pigeon (Late Quaternary prehistoric birds)

Genus Drepanoptila

Cloven-feathered Dove, Drepanoptila holosericea

Genus Alectroenas - blue pigeons

Madagascar Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas madagascariensis
Comoro Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas sganzini
Seychelles Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas pulcherrima
Farquhar Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas sp. (extinct)
Mauritius Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas nitidissima (extinct)
Rodrigues Pigeon "Alectroenas" rodericana (extinct; probably distinct genus)

Subfamily Raphinae - didines Genus Raphus - Dodo (extinct; late 17th century)

Genus Pezophaps - Rodrigues Solitaire (extinct; c.1730)

Placement unresolved , Caloenas nicobaricaGenus Caloenas

Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica
Greater Maned Pigeon, Caloenas canacorum (Late Quaternary prehistoric birds)
Liverpool Pigeon, "Caloenas" maculata - extinct; probably distinct genus

Genus Treron - green pigeons

Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon, Treron fulvicollis
Little Green Pigeon, Treron olax
Pink-necked Green Pigeon, Treron vernans
Orange-breasted Green Pigeon, Treron bicincta
Pompadour Green Pigeon, Treron pompadora
Thick-billed Green Pigeon, Treron curvirostra
Grey-cheeked Green Pigeon, Treron griseicauda
Sumba Green Pigeon, Treron teysmannii
Flores Green Pigeon, Treron floris
Timor Green Pigeon, Treron psittacea
Large Green Pigeon, Treron capellei
Yellow-footed Green Pigeon, Treron phoenicoptera
Bruce's Green Pigeon, Treron waalia
Madagascar Green Pigeon, Treron australis
African Green Pigeon, Treron calva
Pemba Green Pigeon, Treron pembaensis
Sao Tome Green Pigeon, Treron sanctithomae
Pin-tailed Green Pigeon, Treron apicauda
Sumatran Green Pigeon, Treron oxyura
Yellow-vented Green Pigeon, Treron seimundi
Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon, Treron sphenura
White-bellied Green Pigeon, Treron sieboldii
Whistling Green Pigeon, Treron formosae

, Leucosarcia melanoleuca, native to Australia.Genus Phapitreron - brown doves

White-eared Brown Dove, Phapitreron leucotis
Amethyst Brown Dove, Phapitreron amethystina
Dark-eared Brown Dove, Phapitreron cinereiceps

Genus Leucosarcia - Wonga Pigeon

Genus Microgoura - Choiseul Crested Pigeon (extinct; early 20th century)

Genus Dysmoropelia

St Helena Dove, Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos (extinct)

Genus indeterminate

Henderson Island Archaic Pigeon, Columbidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Quaternary prehistoric birds)

References

Gibbs, Barnes and Cox, Pigeons and Doves (Pica Press 2001) ISBN 1-873403-60-7

Doves as food Several species of pigeon or dove are used as food, and probably any could be; the powerful breast muscles characteristic of the family make excellent meat. In Europe the Wood Pigeon is commonly shot as a game bird, while Rock Pigeons were originally domesticated as a food species, and many breeds were developed for their meat-bearing qualities. The extinction of the Passenger Pigeon was at least partly due to shooting for use as food.

Doves are Kosher, and they and Turtle Doves are the only birds that may be used for a Korban. Other kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a Korban.

See also Related to doves

List of doves and pigeons
Pigeon intelligence
Discrimination abilities of pigeons
Pigeon racing
Pigeon sport
Dovecote
Fancy pigeon
Homing pigeon
Carrier pigeon
War pigeon
Cher Ami

Related to symbolism

Doves as Symbols
Militarism
Peace symbol
Peace movement

Miscellaneous

References

Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Order Columbiformes. In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9

Johnson, Kevin P. & Clayton, Dale H. (2000): Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes Contain Similar Phylogenetic. Signal for Pigeons and Doves (Aves: Columbiformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14(1): 141–151. PDF fulltext

Johnson, Kevin P.; de Kort, Selvino; Dinwoodey, Karen, Mateman, A. C.; ten Cate, Carel; Lessells, C. M. & Clayton, Dale H. (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the dove genera Streptopelia and Columba. Auk (journal) 118(4): 874-887. PDF fulltext

Shapiro, Beth; Sibthorpe, Dean; Rambaut, Andrew; Austin, Jeremy; Wragg, Graham M.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Lee, Patricia L. M. & Cooper, Alan (2002): Flight of the Dodo. Science (journal) 295: 1683. (HTML abstract) Supplementary information

Footnotes

External links

International Dove Society
The American Dove Association
Canadian Dove Association
columbidae.org.uk - an online resource for the conservation of pigeons and doves
Dove Pictures and Links
The Dove Page The Place on the Internet for Doves
Dove videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Some photographs of pigeons
Dove sounds on xeno-canto.org
Dove Tattoo

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